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Internet governance: Keeping the internet open, free and unfragmented

By Bulgarian, English, INSPIRATION, INSPIRATION: Educational resources, Methodology, Other, Other educational resourcesNo Comments
Internet governance: Keeping the internet open, free and unfragmented

09.05.2025

The internet is a decentralized network of networks, governed from its inception by a wide range of stakeholders—governments, private companies, the technical community, and civil society. This diversity fuels an ongoing global debate: should states have a dominant role in internet governance, or should all stakeholders participate equally?

Two Opposing Approaches

There are two primary models of internet governance: the multilateral model, where states lead decision-making, and the multistakeholder model, where governments, businesses, technical experts, and civil society collaborate as equals.

The European Union (EU) strongly supports the latter. It advocates for an open, free, and unfragmented internet in which all actors have an equal say. In contrast, countries like China and Russia favor state-centered control, asserting greater authority over internet infrastructure, content, and norms within their borders.

Key Stakeholders and Organizations

Internet governance is carried out by various organizations, including:

  • ICANN – manages domain names and IP addresses through global consensus.

  • IETF – develops foundational internet protocols via open working groups.

  • ISOC – promotes a free, open, and secure internet worldwide.

  • W3C – creates web standards like HTML and CSS.

  • ITU (a UN agency) – regulates telecoms and radio frequencies globally.

  • IGF – a dialogue-based forum uniting stakeholders to discuss policy challenges.

The EU as a Guardian of Internet Openness

The EU plays a key role in promoting net neutrality and consumer rights. Regulations like the Open Internet Regulation, Digital Services Act, and Digital Markets Act aim to create a fairer, safer digital space. The EU also engages in global dialogues and helps shape international standards for internet governance.

Challenges from Authoritarian Models

China and Russia are advancing a “sovereign internet” vision—restricting content, monitoring users, and building national infrastructures. China’s controversial proposals, such as the “New IP” standard by Huawei, sparked fears of centralized state control and fragmentation of the global internet. Though rejected, these proposals continue to surface under new names, such as IPv6+.

Such initiatives raise the risk of creating multiple incompatible networks or “splinternets”, undermining the open exchange of information, trade, and cybersecurity cooperation.

A Global Digital Compact

In 2024, the UN adopted a Global Digital Compact (GDC) to promote a safe, inclusive, and rights-based internet. While it supports the multistakeholder model and condemns internet shutdowns, some critics argue that its development lacked sufficient non-governmental involvement, and its voluntary funding mechanisms for initiatives like IGF remain unstable.

Conclusion

Internet governance is a complex, evolving process involving actors with competing values and interests. The EU plays a leading role in defending a free and open internet through inclusive, expert-driven processes. However, divergent approaches from authoritarian states challenge this vision, requiring ongoing diplomatic efforts and global cooperation to preserve the internet as a shared, open resource for all.

You can find the full document in the details below or HERE.

Details

Website

www.digitalalliance.bg 

Target audience

Digital skills for all

Digital technology

Basic digital skills

Level

Middle

Type of the educational resource

Methodology

Other educational materials

Language of the educational resource

Bulgarian

English

Methodology

Educational resource to introduce students to global models of internet governance, the role of various stakeholders, and the importance of maintaining an open and free online space.

Country providing the educational resource

Other

Organisation providing the educational resource

DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens – With new examples of knowledge, skills and attitudes

By Bulgarian, Country providing the educational resource, English, INSPIRATION, INSPIRATION: Educational resources, Language оf the educational resource, Methodology, Other, Other educational resources, Type of the educational resourceNo Comments
DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens - With new examples of knowledge, skills and attitudes

27.09.2024

Abstract: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizen (DigComp) provides a common understanding of what digital competence is. The present publication has two main parts: the integrated DigComp 2.2 framework provides more than 250 new examples of knowledge, skills and attitudes that help citizens engage confidently, critically and safely with digital technologies, and new and emerging ones such as systems driven by artificial intelligence (AI). The framework is also made available following the digital accessibility guidelines, as creating accessible digital resources is an important priority today. The second part of the publication gives a snapshot of the existing reference material for DigComp consolidating previously released publications and references.
Authors:
You can READ THE DigComp2.2 HERE
Details

Document

PDF

Target audience

Digital skills for all

Digital technology

Digital skills

Level

Basic

Middle

Advanced

Expert

Type of the educational resource

Methodology

Other educational materials

Language of the educational resource

Bulgarian

English

Country providing the educational resource

Other

Organisation providing the educational resource

Publications Office of the European Union

European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF)

By Bulgarian, Country providing the educational resource, English, INSPIRATION, INSPIRATION: Educational resources, Language оf the educational resource, Methodology, Other, Other educational resources, Type of the educational resourceNo Comments
European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF)

29.09.2024

The ECSF provides an open tool to build a common understanding of the cybersecurity professional role profiles in Europe and common mappings with the appropriate skills and competences required.

 

European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF)

The European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF) is a practical tool to support the identification and articulation of tasks, competences, skills and knowledge associated with the roles of European cybersecurity professionals. It is the EU reference point for defining and assessing relevant skills, as defined in the Cybersecurity Skills Academy, which was recently announced by the European Commission.

The ECSF summarises the cybersecurity-related roles into 12 profiles, which are individually analysed into the details of their corresponding responsibilities, skills, synergies and interdependencies.  It provides a common understanding of the relevant roles, competencies, skills and knowledge mostly required in cybersecurity, facilitates recognition of cybersecurity skills, and supports the design of cybersecurity-related training programmes.

The framework and the corresponding user manual were presented during the 1st ENISA cybersecurity skills conference, in September 2022.

Within this context, in April 2023, the Commission adopted the Communication on a Cybersecurity Skills Academy, a policy initiative which aims to bring together existing initiatives on cyber skills and improve their coordination, with a view to bridging the cybersecurity talent gap and boosting competitiveness, growth and resilience in the EU. The ECSF constitutes the basis on which the Academy will define and assess relevant skills, monitor the evolution of the skill gaps and provide indications on the new needs. The impact and the future of the ECSF, as well as its role in the Academy, were elaborated in the 2nd edition of the ENISA Cybersecurity Skills Conference, which took place in September 2023, in Segovia, Spain.

ECSF Goals in Brief
  1. Use of the ECSF ensures a common terminology and shared understanding between the demand (workplace, recruitment) and supply (qualification, training) of cybersecurity professionals across the EU.
  2. The ECSF supports the identification of the critical skill sets required from a workforce perspective. It enables providers of learning programmes to support the development of this critical set of skills and helps policy-makers support targeted initiatives to mitigate the gaps identified in skills.
  3. The framework facilitates an understanding of leading cybersecurity professional roles and the essential skills they require, including soft skills, along with the legislative aspects (if any). In particular, it enables non-experts and HR departments to understand the requirements for resource planning, recruitment and career planning in supporting cybersecurity.
  4. The framework promotes harmonisation in cybersecurity education, training, and workforce development. At the same time, this common European language in the context of cybersecurity skills and roles connects well with the entire ICT professional domain.
  5. The ECSF contributes to achieving enhanced shielding against cyberattacks and to ensuring secure IT systems in society. It provides a standard structure and advice on how to implement capacity building within the European cybersecurity workforce.

 

READ ECSF HERE

READ CYBERSECURITY EDUCATION MATURITY ASSESSMENT HERE

Details

Target audience

Digital skills for the workforce

Digital skills for ICT professionals

Digital skills for public administration

Digital technology

Cybersecurity

Digital skills

Level

Basic

Middle

Advanced

Expert

Type of the educational resource

Methodology

Other educational materials

Language of the educational resource

Bulgarian

English

Country providing the educational resource

Other

Organisation providing the educational resource

The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA)