This study commissioned by the CULT Committee of the European Parliament to the Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies (Directorate-General for Internal Policies) offers an in-depth exploration of pressing themes for European educators and policymakers in the 21st century: learner mobility, citizenship education and the role of digital and virtual learning. Increased opportunities for all young people to engage in mobility programmes will generate benefits in terms of employability, reduced social inequalities and more open, responsible and environmentally aware European citizens.